AZERBAIJAN CARDIOLOGY JOURNAL

       The article discusses structural remodeling and atrial fibrosis in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF).AF occurs most often due to risk factors such as coronary heart disease ,arterial hypertension ,cardiac insufficiency ,mitral vale malformations and extracardiac cause. Special attention is given to the assessment of the function of the left atrium (LA), its enlargement and deformities ,playing crucial role in depression of LA pumping function. It is noted that expansion of LA cavity with the increase in myocardial fibrosis plays a key role in the occurrence of AF.The lectins family protein-galectin 3, playing a special role in development of atrial fibrosis is a powerful factor of activation of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen ,participating in the development of myocardial fibrosis . Further, the article indicates the consequences of the activation of renin -angiotensin -aldosterone system and other neurohumoral factors like TGF-β1 and osteopontin involved in the development of fibrosis of myocardium and cardiac heart failure. It was demonstrated that aldosterone regulates the production of fibro genic factors and promotes activation of fibroblasts. Thus, understanding of the mechanisms and finding of markers of myocardial fibrosis and predictors of AF development will allow timely elimination of AF risk group and prevention of this arrhythmias.

Aortic diseases in pregnancy are a high risk for mother and child and can cause serious complications. Women with aortic disease should be evaluated before pregnancy and considered for pregnancy as some aortic diseases are considered absolute contraindications for pregnancy. The risks of medications used in these pathologies during pregnancy should be reviewed by both the mother and the fetus and then initiated. All this is discussed in detail in our article.

Syncope is defined as TLOC due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. Syncope shares many clinical features with other disorders; it therefore presents in many differential diagnoses. This group of disorders is labelled TLOC. TLOC is defined as a state of real or apparent LOC with loss of awareness, characterized by amnesia for the period of unconsciousness, abnormal motor control, loss of responciveness, and a short duration. The adjective presyncope is used to indicate symptoms and signs that occur before unconsciousness in syncope. Note that the noun presyncope is often used to describe a state that resembles the prodrome of syncope, but which is not followed by LOC. Lower than 70 mmHg systolic and 40 mmHg mean blood pressure results in syncope. Syncope is seen 6% of clinical and 3% of emergency applications. Mortality in cardiac syncope is 18-33% and it is more fatal than non-cardiac causes. In this review syncope was reviewed from the cardiovascular aspect.